Preservation Efforts of Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn.) Based on Tri Hita Karana by Balinese Community

Rubangi Al Hasan, Krisnawati Krisnawati, Anita AD Rahayu

Abstract


Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn.) has been widely used as traditional medicine by the Balinese ethnic community. Up to now, the raw materials for traditional medicines from E. horsfieldii are harvested directly from their natural habitat. It is feared that it will interfere with its sustainability. The Balinese ethnic community has a culture known as the Tri Hita Karana (THK) concept, which means there is a balance in the relationship between humans and God, nature, and with fellow humans. This study aims to identify the use of E. horfieldii and its conservation efforts based on THK. This research was carried out in communities living around Bedugul, Bali. The method of data collection was done by participatory observation and semi-structured interviews. The research informants were 33 people with a purposive sampling method. The criteria are based on the level of knowledge and use of E. horsfieldii. Data were analyzed and interpreted descriptively. The results of this study indicate that E. horsfieldii has been widely used to treat various diseases and is practiced by many traditional healers (balian). However, people also use it for treatment without a standardized dose. This causes the measure of its use is very diverse. Harvesting of E. horsfieldii is carried out by the community while still observing the principle of sustainability according to the THK philosophy. Harvesting of E. horsfieldii is mostly done for individual needs. Although there has been a practice of buying and selling E. horsfieldii, harvesting has not resulted in over-exploitation. Efforts to conserve E. horsfieldii have been carried out by the community, especially the balians by trying to cultivate it, although they still fail. In addition, the conservation of E. horsfieldii is carried out by the Bali BKSDA with efforts to maintain the habitat of E. horsfieldii in forest areas.     

Keywords: Euchresta horsfieldii, balian, preservation effort, traditional medicine


References


Amin, M. Al, & Juniati, D. (2017). Klasifikasi kelompok umur manusia berdasarkan analisis dimensi fractal box counting dari citra wajah dengan deteksi tepi canny. Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika, 2(6), 33–42.

Ardaka, I. M., Tirta, I. G., & Darma, Dw. P. (2011). Pengaruh jumlah Ruas dan zat pengatur tumbuh terhadap pertumbuhan stek Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benth. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Tanaman, 8(2), 81–87.

Artana, I. W. (2014). Tri Hita Karana meningkatkan kualitas modal manusia dari persfektif kesehatan. Piramida, X (2), 100–105. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/piramida/article/vw/18699

Backer, C. A., & van den Brink, R. C. B. (1963). Flora of Java. Netherlands: V.I.N.V.P Noordhoff.

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar. In Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia (Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. 2019. Laporan Nasional Riseksdas 2018. Laporan Penelitian, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Jakarta.

Bennett, L. R. (2016). Indigenous healing knowledge and infertility in Indonesia: Learning about cultural safety from Sasak midwives. Medical Anthropology, 36(2), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2016.1142990

BKSDA Bali. (2020). Cagar Alam Batukahu, Balai Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam Bali. https://www.ksda-bali.go.id/kawasan-hutan/kawasan-konservasi/cagar-alam-batukahu/. Akses 11 November 2021.

BKSDA-BALI. (2019). Taman Wisata Alam Danau Buyan – Danau Tamblingan. https://www.ksda-bali.go.id/twabuyantamblingan/.Akses 13 Oktober 2019

BPS Kabupaten Buleleng. (2021a). Kabupaten Buleleng Dalam Angka 2021. Buleleng: BPS Kabupaten Buleleng.

BPS Kabupaten Buleleng. (2021b). Kecamatan Banjar Dalam Angka 2021. Buleleng: BPS Kabupaten Buleleng.

BPS Kabupaten Buleleng. (2021c). Kecamatan Sukasada Dalam Angka 2021. Buleleng: BPS Kabupaten Buleleng.

BPS Kabupaten Tabanan. (2021a). Kabupaten Tabanan Dalam Angka 2021. Tabanan: BPS Kabupaten Tabanan.

BPS Kabupaten Tabanan. (2021b). Kecamatan Baturiti Dalam Angka 2021. Tabanan: BPS Kabupaten Tabanan.

Darma, I., Priyadi, A., & Oktavia, G. (2019). Ethnobotany study of communities of forest area around Buyan and Tamblingan Lake, Buleleng, Bali. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/blje/article/download/49402/29386

Darma, IDP., Priyadi, A., & Rajif Iryadi. (2019). Studi Etnobotani Masyarakat Di Sekitar Kawasan Hutan Bedugul Bali. Biotropic: The Journal of Tropical Biology, 3(2), 96-104. doi:10.29080/biotropic.2019.3.2.96-104.

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds). (2009a). Handbook of Qualitative Research (Terjemahan) (1st ed.). Jogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Dewi, N. W. R. K., Gunawan, I. W., & Puspawati, N. M. (2017). Isolasi dan identifikasi senyawa antioksidan golongan flavonoid dari ekstrak etil asetat daun Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii Lesch Benn.). Cakra Kimia (Indonesian E-Journal of Applied Chemistry), 5(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.24843/ck.2017.v05.i01.p04

Ekasari, I. (2011). Teknik perbanyakan Kijiwo (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn.) melalui stek pucuk. Jurnal Teknologi Indonesia, 34, 8–16.

Grange-Piovesan, F. (1995). Therapeutic recourses in Bali: A case study on the choice of medical practitioners. Indonesia Circle. School of Oriental & African Studies. Newsletter, 23(66), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/03062849508729842

Gunawan, I., Suastika, K., & Putra, A. (2016). Potential of Euchresta horsfieldii Lesch Benn Leaf Extract Prevent Oxidative Stress Through Decrease of Malondialdehyde Levels and Profile Histopathology Pancreatic Β-Cells I. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(1), 1340–1352. www.wjpps.com

Gunawan, I. W. G., Puspawati, N. M., Rika Kumara Dewi, N. W., & Oka Adi Parwata, M. (2017). Effect of Euchresta horsfieldii lesch benn leaf extract on increases enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in rats with maximum physical activity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(5), 578–582. https://www.proquest.com/openview/c7797077b1c4944265310ac338e955ed/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=54977

Hanson, J. H. (2015). The Anthropology of Giving: Toward A Cultural Logic of Charity. Journal of Cultural Economy, 8(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2014.949284

Hasan, R. al, & Krisnawati. (2018). Utilization of euchresta horsfieldii by Balian in Bedugul, Bali Island. Proceeding of SFEM 2018/IUFRO 04.02.02. The International Symposium of SFEM2018/IUFRO 04.02.02. Combining multiple inventory techniques and management science to preserve the forest ecosystem for future generations., 166.

International Society of Ethnobiology. (2006). ISE Code of Ethics (With 2008 addition). http://ethnobiology.net/code-of-ethics/

Kementerian Dalam Negeri. (2021). Visualisasi Data Kependudukan. https://Gis.Dukcapil.Kemendagri.Go.Id/Peta/.

Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2017). (testimony of Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No 187 Tahun 2017 Tentang Formularium Ramuan Obat Tradisional Indonesia).

Krisnawati, Nandini, R., & Rahayu, A. A. D. (2018). Karakteristik Tapak Pertumbuhan Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn Pada Habitatnya di Bali dan Lombok. Dalam Wahyudiningsih, T.S., Siswanto, U., Widiyastuti, Y., Pramono, S., Wahyono, S., Pradipta, M.S.I., Nugraha, W.T., dan Laura, Y. (eds), Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia Ke 55: Merawat Tumbuhan Obat Menuai Manfaat (p.122–130). Magelang: LPPM-PMP Universitas Tidar.

Krisnawati, & Rahayu, A. A. D. (2018). Teknik perkecambahan Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii). In Aryadi Mahrus, Nugroho Yusanto, Basir, Natalina Amino, & Rahmiyati (Eds.), Seminar "Silvikultur Untuk Produksi Hutan Lestari Dan Rakyat Sejahtera" (p. 576–584). Banjarmasin: Lambung Mangkurat University Press.

Krisnawati, Rahayu Anita Apriliani Dwi, & Samawandana Gipi. (2017). Pengaruh zat pengatur tumbuh terhadap pertumbuhan stek pucuk Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii). Dalam Diana Rita, Sulistioadi Yohanes Budi, Karyati, Sarminah Sri, Widiati Kusno Yuli, Kuspradini Harlinda, Sari Diah Rakhmah, & Mulyadi Rachmad (Eds.), Mengatasi Perubahan Iklim Terhadap Kelestarian Sumberdaya Hutan dan Ekonomi Sumberdaya Hayati (p418–427). Samarinda: Pusat Pengkajian Perubahan Iklim Universitas Mulawarman.

Kuswantoro Farid, & Oktavia Gebby Agnessya Esa. (2019). Studi tipe perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan anakan Pinanga arinasae Witono dan Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn. untuk mendukung upaya konservasinya. Buletin Kebun Raya, 22(2), 105–116. http://publikasikr.lipi.go.id/index.php/buletin/article/view/13

Lemmens, R. H. M. J., & Bunyapraphatsara, N. (2003). Plant Resources of Southeast Asia (Vol. 3). PROSEA (12).

Li, Z. zhong, Tan, J. peng, Wang, L. li, & Li, Q. hua. (2017). Andrographolide benefits rheumatoid arthritis via inhibiting MAPK pathways. Inflammation, 40, 1599–1605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-017-0600-y

Loganayaki, N., Suganya, N., & Manian, S. (2012). Evaluation of edible flowers of agathi (Sesbania grandiflora L. Fabaceae) for in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic, and in vitro antioxidant potential. Food Science and Biotechnology, 21(2), 509-517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-012-0065-6

Luo, Y., Liu, J., & Zhang, D. (2009). Role of traditional beliefs of baima tibetans in biodiversity conservation in China. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(10), 1995–2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.001

Martínez, G. J. (2013). Use of fauna in the traditional medicine of native Toba (qom) from the Argentine Gran Chaco region: An ethnozoological and conservationist approach. Ethnobiology and Conservation, 2(2), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2013-8-2.2-1-43

McCauley, A. P. (1988). Healing texts and healing techniques in indigenous Balinese medicine. Social Science and Medicine, 27(8), 779–787. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(88)90230-4

McCauley, Ann. P. (1984). Healing as a sign of power and status in Bali. Social Science and Medicine, 18(2), 167–172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(84)90037-6

Min, S. W., Ryu, S. N., & Kim, D. H. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effects of black rice, cyanidin-3-O-β-d-glycoside, and its metabolites, cyanidin and protocatechuic acid. International Immunopharmacology, 10(8), 959-966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2010.05.009

Mpala, L. N., Chikowe, G. R., & Cock, I. E. (2017). Aleurites moluccanus (l.) Willd. Extracts Inhibit the Growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmacognosy Communications, 7(2), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.5530/pc.2017.2.12

Muryani, N. M. S., Winarni, I., & Setyoadi, S. (2018). Balinese traditional treatment (Balian) in patients with mental disorder. Belitung Nursing Jurnal, 4(4), 397–401. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.425

Ningsih, I. Y. (2016). Studi etnofarmasi penggunaan tumbuhan obat oleh suku Tengger di Kabupaten Lumajang dan Malang, Jawa Timur. Pharmacy, 13(1), 10–20.

http://jurnalnasional.ump.ac.id/index.php/Pharmacy/article/view/885

Nuraini, C. (2016). The intangible legacy of the Indonesian Bajo. Wacana: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, 17(1), 1–18.

Oktavia, G. A. E., Darma, I. D. P., & Sujarwo, W. (2017). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the area around Buyan-Tamblingan. Buletin Kebun Raya, 20(1). http://publikasikr.lipi.go.id/index.php/buletin/article/view/56

Prena, G. das, & Pekerti, L. G. P. K. (2019). Aktivitas sosial, aktivitas budaya dan agama terhadap dana pihak ketiga Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) (Case Kabupaten Tabanan Bali). Jurnal Ilmiah Satyagraha, 2(2), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.47532/JIS.V2I2.65

Prihantini, A. I., Krisnawati, K., Rahayu, A. A. D., Nugraheni, Y. M. M. A., & Samawandana, G. (2018). Uji Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Tumbuhan Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn.). Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan, 12(2), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.22146/jik.40157

Prihantini, A. I., Krisnawati, K., & Setyayudi, A. (2019). Antioxidant and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Euchresta horsfieldii. Biofarmasi, 17(2), 61–64. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.13057/biofar/f170202

Priyadi, A., Feng, C., Kang, M., & Huang, H. (2018). Development of 10 single-copy nuclear DNA markers for Euchresta horsfieldii (Fabaceae), a rare medicinal plant. Applications in Plant Sciences, 6(9), 1-4.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.1178.

Quintão, N. L. M., Pastor, M. V. D., Antonialli, C. de S., da Silva, G. F., Rocha, L. W., Berté, T. E., de Souza, M. M., Meyre-Silva, C., Lucinda-Silva, R. M., Bresolin, T. M. B., & Cechinel Filho, V. (2019). Aleurites moluccanus and its main active constituent, the flavonoid 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin, in an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 6(9), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.014

Reo, N. J., & Whyte, K. P. (2012). Hunting and morality as elements of traditional ecological knowledge. Human Ecology, 40(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9448-1

Rosentreter, R. (1988) Terrestrial Plant Ecology by M. G. Barbour; J. H. Burk; W. D. Pitts. Journal of Range Management, 41(3), 272. https://doi.org/10.2307/3899191

Sahidu, A., Dharmawan, A., Satria, A., & Adiwibowo, S. (2013). Belian dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan perempuan Suku Sasak di saat kehamilan Shifting role of Belian in maintaining the health of pregnant women of Sasak. Masyarakat, Kebudayaan Dan Politik, 26(1), 55–64. http://journal.unair.ac.id/filerPDF/mkp58333a64b0full.pdf

Sari, L. O. R. K. S. (2006). Pemanfaatan obat tradisional dengan pertimbangan manfaat dan keamanannya. Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian, III (1), 1–7. http://psr.ui.ac.id/index.php/journal/issue/view/72/showToc

Sartini, S., & Ahimsa-Putra, H. S. (2017). Redefining the term of Dukun. Humaniora, 29(1), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.22146/JH.22565

Sen, S., Chakraborty, R., Sridhar, C., Reddy, Y. S. R., & De, B. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants, diseases, and phytomedicines: Current status and future prospect. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 3(1), 91–100. https://www.globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/volume3issue1/Article 021.pdf

Suardiana, I. W. (2018). Naskah pengobatan “Usada” di Bali dan problematika pemurnian teks. Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), 8(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2018.V08.I02.P01

Suardika, I. K. (2019). Pengobatan Tradisional Usada dan Balian Budaya Bali (Kajian Ilmu Sosial Budaya). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Fasilitasi Event Kesejarahan 2019. dalam Ahmad (Ed), Seminar "Pengembangan Kajian Etnomedisin dalam Memperkuat Karakter Generasi Muda” (p.53–57). Kendari: Himpunan Sarjana Pendidikan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial Indonesia (HISPISI Sulawesi Tenggara)

Suatama, I. B., Kumbara, A. A. N. A., & Dewi, A. A. S. K. (2019). Commodification of usada bali: between profit-oriented and negotiation of sasana balian. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(2), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v3n2.300

Sujarwo, W., Arinasa, I. B. K., Salomone, F., Caneva, G., & Fattorini, S. (2014). Cultural erosion of balinese indigenous knowledge of food and nutraceutical plants. Economic Botany, 68(4), 426–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-014-9288-1

Susiarti, S., Rahayu, M., & Rugayah. (2018). Diversity of Indonesian Medicinal Plant in the lowland Forest, Bodogol and Its Surrounding of Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 166(1) (p.012021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/166/1/012021

Sutomo, S., & Mukarromah, L. (2010). Autekologi Purnajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn. (Fabaceae) di sebagian kawasan hutan bukit tapak Cagar Alam Batukahu Bali. Jurnal Biologi, XIV (1), 24–28. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/BIO/article/view/586

Tirta, I. G., Ardaka, I. M., & Darma, D. P. (2010). Studi fenologi dan senyawa kimia Pronojiwo (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn.). Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah Dan Obat, 21(1), 28–36.

Triyono, S. D. K., & Herdiyanto, Y. K. (2017). Konsep sehat dan sakit pada individu dengan Urolithiasis (Kencing Batu) di Kabupaten Klungkung, Bali. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, 4(02), 263–276. https://doi.org/10.24843/JPU.2017.V04.I02.P04

van Steenis C G G J. (2006). Flora Pegunungan Jawa. Bogor: Pusat Penelitian Biologi LIPI.

Widiana, I. W. (2019). Filsafat Cina: Lao Tse Yin-Yang kaitannya dengan Tri Hita Karana sebagai sebuah pandangan alternatif manusia terhadap pendidikan alam. Jurnal Filsafat Indonesia, 2(3), 110–123. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jfi.v2i3.22186

Windia, I., & Wiguna, W. (2013). Subak Warisan Budaya Dunia. Denpasar: Udayana University Press.

Wirani, I. A. S., Paryatna, I. bagus M. L., & Aryana, I. bagus P. M. (2020). Nilai Kearifan Lokal dalam Kumpulan Cerpen ’Tutur Bali’Karya I Wayan Westa. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif (p. 58-62). Singaraja: LPPM Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. https://eproceeding.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/senari/article/download/2102/1382

Woodward, M. (1985). Healing and Morality: A javanese example. Social Science and Medicine, 21(9), 1007–1021. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(85)90422-8

Woodward, M. (2011). The Javanese Dukun: Healing and Moral Ambiguity. In: Java, Indonesia and Islam. Muslims in Global Societies Series, Vol 3. 69-112. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0056-7_2




DOI: https://doi.org/10.20886/jwas.v9i1.6719