PENGHEMATAN AIR DAN PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA PADA PERLAKUAN ALTERNATE WETTING AND DRYING DI LAHAN SAWAH

Ali Pramono, Jumari jumari, Terry Ayu Adriany

Abstract


Perubahan iklim dan kelangkaan sumberdaya air irigasi merupakan ancaman keberlanjutan sistem produksi pertanian. Salah satu penyebab perubahan iklim adalah peningkatan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) di atmosfer. Budidaya padi di lahan sawah merupakan salah satu sumber emisi GRK, terutama metana (CH4) yang pada saat ini meningkat lebih dari dua kali lipat dibandingkan pada era pra industri. Untuk itu, diperlukan strategi mitigasi GRK tanpa mengorbankan hasil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan alternate wetting and drying (AWD) terhadap penghematan air, GRK dan hasil padi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian di Pati, Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2014-2015. Perlakuan disusun dengan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 3 ulangan. Perlakuannya adalah sebagai berikut 1) Pengairan tergenang secara terus menerus (continuous flooding/ CF), 2) Safe-Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD-15 cm), 3) Site Specific-Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD-25 cm). Varietas padi yang digunakan adalah Cisadane dan plot percobaan berukuran 5 m x 7 m yang dilapisi dengan plastik sedalam 40 cm untuk mengurangi rembesan ke samping. Tanah di lokasi penelitian berjenis Aeric Endoaquepts dengan kandungan hara relatif yang rendah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan AWD dapat menghemat air irigasi dan menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca tanpa mengurangi hasil padi di lahan sawah. AWD-15 cm dan AWD-25 cm masing-masing dapat menghemat air irigasi sebesar 23 % dan 27 % dibandingkan kondisi tergenang. Perlakuan AWD-15 cm dan AWD-25 cm secara signifikan menurunkan nilai global warming potential (GWP) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan tergenang. Perlakuan AWD-15 cm dan AWD-25 cm menurunkan emisi GRK masing-masing sebesar 33 % dan 41 % dibandingkan kondisi tergenang tanpa kehilangan hasil yang signifikan. Hasil gabah kering giling (GKG) tertinggi diperoleh dengan perlakuan AWD-15 cm yaitu sebesar 5,90 ton ha-1 dan tidak berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan tergenang dan AWD-25 cm. Teknik AWD-15cm merupakan salah satu opsi penurunan emisi GRK dari lahan sawah untuk mendukung pertanian yang ramah lingkungan.

Keywords


alternate wetting and drying; emisi gas rumah kaca; hasil lahan sawah

References


(1) Fujihara Y, Tanaka K, Watanabe T. 2008. Assessing the impacts of climate change on the water resources of the Seyhan River Basin in Turkey: use of dynamically downscaled data for hydrologic simulations. J. Hydrol. 353:33–48.

(2) Tuong, TP and Bouman, BAM. 2003. Rice production in water- scarce environments. In: Kijne, J.W., Barker, R. and Molden, D., Ed., Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 53-67.

(3) Snyder CS, Bruulsema TW, Jensen TL, Fixen PE. 2009. Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects. Agric. Ecosyst,Environ. 133:247-266

(4) Flessa H, Ruser R, Dorsch P, Kampb T, Jimenez MA, Munch JC, Beese F, 2002. Integrated evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O) from two farming systems in southern Germany. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 91:175-189.

(5) Jayadeva HM, Prabhakara Setty TK, Gowda RC, DevendraR, MallikarjunGB, Bandi AG. 2009. Methane emission as influenced by different crop establishment techniques and organic manures. – Agricultural Science Digest 29(4): 241-245.

(6) Richards M and Sander BO. 2014. Alternate wetting and drying in irrigated rice. Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice Brief. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).

(7) Itoh M, Sudo S, Mori S, Saito H, Yoshida T, Shiratori Y, Suga S, Yoshikawa N, Suzue Y, Mizukami H, Mochida T, Yagi K.2011. Mitigation of methane emissions from paddy fields by prolonging midseason drainage. Agr Ecosyst Environ. 141:359–372.

(8) Towprayoon S, Smakgahn K, Poonkaew S. 2005. Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from drained irrigated rice fields. Chemosphere. 59: 1547–1556.

(9) FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2010. Climate- SmartAgriculture: Policies, Practice and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation. FAO, Rome.

(10) Rejesus R M, Palis F G, Rodriguez D G P, Lampayan R M, Bas A M, Bouman B A M. 2011. Impact of the alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water-saving irrigation technique: evidence from rice producers in the Philippines. Food Policy. 36: 280– 288.

(11) Price A H, Norton G J, Salt D E, Ebenhoeh O, Meharg AA, Meharg C, Islam M R, Sarma R N, Dasgupta T, Ismail A M, Mc Nally K L, Zhang H, Dodd I C, Davies W J. 2013. Alternate wetting and drying irrigation for rice in Bangladesh: Is it sustainable and has plant breeding something to offer? Food Energ Secur. 2: 120–129.

(12) Linquist BA, Anders MM, Adviento- Borbe MAA, Chaney RL, Nalley LL, da Rosa EFF, van Kessel C 2015. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, water use, and grain arsenic levels in rice systems. Glob Change Biol., 21, 407–417. doi:10.1111/gcb.12701

(13)Lagomarsino A, Agnelli A E, Linquist B, Adviento-Borbe M A, Agnelli A, Gavina G, Ravaglia S, Ferrara R M. 2016. Alternate wetting and drying of rice reduced CH4 emissions but triggered N2O peaks in a clayey soil of central Italy. Pedosphere.26(4): 533–548.

(14) IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). 1993. Manual on Measurement of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural, Vienna, Austria.

(15) Liang K, Zhong X, Huang N, Lampayan RB, Pan J, Tian K, Liu Y. 2016. Grain yield, water productivity and CH4 emission on irrigated rice in response to water management in South China. Agric. Water Manage., 163, 319-331.

(16) Hoekstra AY. 2008. The water footprint of food. In. Fbrare, J (ed.) Water for Food. The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (Formas). Stockholm.http:// waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/ Hoekstra-2008-WaterfootprintFood. pdf

(17) Setyanto P, A Pramono, TA Adriany, HL Susilawati, T Tokida, AT Padre, K Minamikawa. 2017. Alternate wetting and drying reduces methane emission from a rice paddy in Central Java, Indonesia without yield loss. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Jurnal. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.20 17.1409600

(18) Pramono A, Jumari dan TA Adriany. 2017. Hasil padi, emisi gas rumah kaca dan produktivitas air dari perlakuan pengelolaan air di lahan sawah. Prosiding Seminar Nasional 30 Maret 2017. PS Peternakan Faperta UNS. Surakarta. Hal 322-328.

(19) Watanabe T, HosenY,Agbisit R, Lliorca L, Fujita D, Asakwa, S and Kimura M. 2010. Changes in community structure and transcriptional activity of methanogenic archaea in a paddy field soil brought about by a water- saving practice-estimation by PCR- DDGE and qPCR of 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA. In: In 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil solutions for a changing world, August 2010, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 1-6.

(20) Davidson EA, Swank WT, Perry TO. 1986. Distinguishing between nitrification and denitrification sources of gaseous nitrogen-production in soil. Appl. Environ Microbiol. 52:1280– 1286.

(21) Law Y, Lant P, Yuan Z. 2011. The effect of pH on N2O production under aerobic conditions in a partial nitritation system. Water Res 45:5934– 5944.

(22) Aulakh MS, Rennie DA, Paul EA. 1984. Gaseous nitrogen losses from soil under zero-till as compared with conventional-till management systems. Environ. Qual. 13:130–136.

(23) Wang J, Pan X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Xiong Z. 2012. Effects of biochar amendment in two soils on greenhouse gas emissions and crop production. Plant Soil 360:287–298.

(24) Chatterjee A, Vance GF, Pendall E, Stahl PD. 2008 Timber harvesting alters soil carbon mineralization and microbial community structure in coniferous forests. Soil Biol Biochem 40:1901–1907.

(25) Perez CA, Carmona MR, Farina JM, Armesto JJ. 2010. Effects of nitrate and labile carbon on denitrification of southern temperate forest soils. Chil J Agric Res 70:251–258.

(26) Johnson-Beebout SE, Angeles OR, Alberto MCR, Buresh RJ. 2009. Simultaneous minimization of nitrous oxide and methane emission from rice paddy soils is improbable due to redox potential changes with depth in a greenhouse experiment without plants. Geoderma 149, 45-53.

(27) Mishra, HS, Rathore, TR, Pant, RC. 1990. Effect of intermittent irrigation on groundwater table contribution, irrigation requirements and yield of rice in Mollisols of Tarai region. Agric. Water Manag. 18, 231–241.

(28) Tabbal, DF, Bouman, BAM, Bhuiyan, SI, Sibayan, EB, Sattar, MA, 2002. On-farm strategies for reducing water input in irrigated rice; case studies in the Philippines. Agric. Water Manag. 56 (2), 93–112.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.20886/jklh.2018.12.1.20-31

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2018 Jurnal Ecolab

This Journal Index by:

  

 

 

  

e-ISSN: 2502-8812, p-ISSN: 1978-5860
Ecolab is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons License