Email this article THE POTENTIAL OF CARDAMOM LEAF IN THE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL OIL YIELD AND 1.8-CINEOL CONTENT
DOI: 10.59465/ijfr.2024.11.1.17-32Abstract
Cardamom (Amomum cardamomum), the ‘Queen of Spices’, is a native Indonesian spice and a type of potential biopharmaceutical currently prospective because of its high selling value, especially for its fruit, with various benefits and wide use. So far, cardamom essential oil comes from the use of its fruit, but production is limited. Therefore, its leaves have the potential to be developed as a source of essential oil since they are more abundant and available all year. In cardamom farming, low light intensity due to shading effects in agroforestry and low nutrients could stimulate the production of specific secondary metabolites. This study aimed to analyze the cardamom leaf essential oil (CLEO) yield and 1.8-cineol content of CLEO grown in agroforestry systems. The CLEO was obtained by steam-water distillation, while the 1.8-cineol content was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The experimental design employed was a randomized block design with three cropping patterns, namely Falcataria moluccana + cardamom (FC), F. moluccana + cardamom + arrowroot (FCA), and Monoculture cardamom (MC) as a treatment and three doses of bokashi manure as blocks. The results showed that the highest CLEO yield was generated in the FC agroforestry pattern of 3.16%, and the highest 1.8-cineol content in CLEO was generated in the FCA pattern of 47.23%. The lowest CLEO yield and 1.8-cineol content were found in the monoculture pattern of 2.02% and 43.16%, respectively. Compared to monoculture practices, agroforestry practices have the potential to increase the CLEO yield and 1.8-cineol content, which will be prospective in forest management to support forestry multi-business and social forestry programs.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ahmed, Y. M., Shalaby, E. A., & Shanan, N. T. (2011). The use of organic and inorganic cultures in improving vegetative growth, yield characters and antioxidant activity of roselle plants (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). African Journal of Biotechnology 10(11): 1988-1996. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB. DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.876. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.876
Bahrami, T., Yaghmaei, P., & Yousofvand, N. (2023). The effects of Ibuprofen and 1, 8- cineol on anxiety and spatial memory in hyperammonemic rats. Metabolic Brain Disease, 38(2), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-022-01093-3
Batubara, I., Wahyuni, W. T., & Susanta, M. (2016). Antibacterial activity of zingiberaceae leaves Essential oils against streptococcus mutans And teeth-biofilm degradation. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs.2016.7.4.p111-116
Bishaw, B., Soolanayakanahally, R., Karki, U., & Hagan, E. (2022). Agroforestry for sustainable production and resilient landscapes. Agroforestry Systems, 96(3), 447–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-022-00737-8
[BPS]. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Identifikasi dan analisis desa di sekitar kawasan hutan berbasis spasial tahun 2019. Badan Pusat Statistik. Jakarta. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/06/29/ee925d3cdebd389299c8de78/identifikasi-dan-analisis-desa-di-sekitar-kawasan-hutan-berbasis-spasial-tahun-2019.html
Briliawan, B. D., Wijayanto, N., & Wasis, B. (2022). Visual soil structure quality and its correlation to quantitative soil physical properties of upland rice site in Falcataria moluccana agroforestry system. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230423
Correa, E., Carvalhais, L., Utida, M., Oliveira, C., & Scotti, M. (2016). Effect of plant species on P cycle-related microorganisms associated with litter decomposition and P soil availability: implications for agroforestry management. IForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 9(2), 294–302. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1459-008
[FAO] Food and Agricultural Organization FAO. (2021). COP26: Agricultural expansion drives almost 90 percent of global deforestation FAO-Remote Sensing Survey reveals new findings. https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/cop26-agricultural-expansion-drives-almost-90-percent-of-global-deforestation/en
[FAO] (2022). Agroforestry. http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/en/.
Figueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G., Pedro, L. G., & Scheffer, J. J. C. (2008). Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 23(4), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1875
Gunawan, G., Wijayanto, N., & Budi, S. W. (2019). Karakteristik Sifat Kimia Tanah dan Status Kesuburan Tanah pada Agroforestri Tanaman Sayuran Berbasis Eucalyptus Sp. Journal of Tropical Silviculture, 10(2), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.10.2.63-69
Gunawan, H., Yeny, I., Karlina, E., Suharti, S., Murniati, Subarudi, Mulyanto, B., Ekawati, S., Garsetiasih, R., Pratiwi, Sumirat, B. K., Sawitri, R., Heriyanto, N. M., Takandjandji, M., Widarti, A., Surati, Desmiwati, Kalima, T., Effendi, R., … Nurlia, A. (2022). Integrating Social Forestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Indonesia. Forests, 13(12), 2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13122152
Hani, A., Dendang, B., & Pieter, L. A. G. (2021). Malapari (Pongamia pinnata (l.) piere) growth on three planting patterns with trichoderma and mycorrhizae sp application. Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research, 8(2), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2021.8.2.229-239
Hani, A. & Octavia, D. (2020). Kapulaga: Ratu rempah pembawa berkah (M. S. Sabarnurdin (ed.)). IPB Press.
Hani, A., & Suhaendah, E. (2019). Diversity of soil macro fauna and its role on soil fertility in manglid agroforestry. Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research, 6(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2019.6.1.61-68
Heimesaat, M. M., Mousavi, S., Weschka, D., & Bereswill, S. (2021). Anti-Pathogenic and Immune-Modulatory Effects of Peroral Treatment with Cardamom Essential Oil in Acute Murine Campylobacteriosis. Microorganisms, 9(1), 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010169
Hidayat, M. Y., Fauzi, R., Saragih, G. S., & Harianja, A. H. (2023). Consumer Acceptance and Economic Value of Cratoxylum Formosum Essential Oil. Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research, 10(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.59465/ijfr.2023.10.1.61-74
Iskandar, I., Suryaningtyas, D. T., Baskoro, D. P. T., Budi, S. W., Gozali, I., Suryanto, A., Kirmi, H., & Dultz, S. (2022). Revegetation as a driver of chemical and physical soil property changes in a post-mining landscape of East Kalimantan: A chronosequence study. CATENA, 215, 106355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106355
Jan, R., Asaf, S., Numan, M., Lubna, & Kim, K.-M. (2021). Plant Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis and Transcriptional Regulation in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stress Conditions. Agronomy, 11(5), 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050968
Jewel, K. N. A., Wadud, M. A., Rahman, G. M. M., & Saifullah, M. (2022). Livelihood development in the hill ecosystems of Bangladesh: the role of agroforestry. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension, 25(4), 369. https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v25i4.5605
Juliarti, A., Wijayanto, N., Mansur, I., & Trikoesoemaningtyas. (2022). Cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi (L.) Powell) Oil Yield and Cineole Analysis in Ex-Coal Mining Land with Monoculture and Agroforestry Patterns. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 10(2), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v10i2.551
Kainama, N., Matinahoru, J., Latumahina, F. S. (2021). Agroforestry Based Social Forestry on The Island of Ambon. Plant Cell Biotechnology And Molecular Biology, 22(23–24), 55–63. https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6139
Kote, M., Lailogo, O.L, Purmanto, D., Hewe, A. (2021). Bokashi, pupuk kompos alternatif dari limbah ternak dan tanaman. https://ntt.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/berita-news/750-bokashi-pupuk-kompos-alternatif-dari-limbah-ternak-dan-tanaman
Lee, K. L., Ong, K. H., King, P. J. H., Chubo, J. K., & Su, D. S. A. (2015). Stand productivity, carbon content, and soil nutrients in different standages of Acacia mangium in Sarawak, Malaysia. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 39, 154–161. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1404-20
Li, Y., Kong, D., Liang, H. L. Wu, H. (2018). Alkaloid content and essential oil composition of Mahonia breviracema cultivated under different light environments. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 91, 171–179. https://doi.org/10.5073.JABFQ.2018.091.023
Marsic, N. K., Gasperlin, L., Abram, V., Budic, M., & Vidrih, R. (2011). Quality parameters and total phenolic content in tomato fruits regarding cultivar and microclimatic conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-0910-499
[MoEFRI] Ministry of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia. (2022). The State of Indonesia’s Forest 2022 Towards FOLU Net Sink 2030. Ministry of Environment and Forestry: Jakarta, Indonesia.
Moghaddam, M., & Mehdizadeh, L. (2017). Influencing Their Constituents. In Soft Chemistry and Food Fermentation. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811412-4/00013-8
Mollaei, S., Ebadi, M., Hazrati, S., Habibi, B., Gholami, F., & Sourestani, M. M. (2020). Essential oil variation and antioxidant capacity of Mentha pulegium populations and their relation to ecological factors. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 91, 104084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2020.104084
Mulia, R. & Phuong N. M, (Eds.) (2021). Diversity of agroforestry practices in Viet Nam. Ha Noi, Viet Nam: World Agroforestry (International Centre for Research in Agroforestry). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350313512_Diversity_of_Agroforestry_Practices_in_Viet_Nam
Nair, K. P. (2020). The Geography of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum M.) The “Queen” of Spices. Springer. Vol. 2. Springer. Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54474-4
Njurumana, G. N., Ginoga, K. L., & Octavia, D. (2020). Sustaining farmers livelihoods through community forestry in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 21(8), 3786–3796. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210846
Ntawuruhunga, D., Ngowi, E. E., Mangi, H. O., Salanga, R. J., & Shikuku, K. M. (2023). Climate-smart agroforestry systems and practices: A systematic review of what works, what doesn’t work, and why. Forest Policy and Economics, 150, 102937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2023.102937
Nuddin, A., Arsyad, M., Putera, M. I., Nuringsih, N., & Teshome, T. T. (2019). Making the case for institutional support on designing agroforestry technology models for rehabilitating critical lands. Forest and Society, 3(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i1.5975
Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R. (2012). Sweet basil essential oil composition: Relationship between cultivar, foliar feeding with nitrogen and oil content. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 24(3), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2012.676763
Octavia, D., Suharti, S., Murniati, Dharmawan, I. W. S., Nugroho, H. Y. S. H., Supriyanto, B., Rohadi, D., Njurumana, G. N., Yeny, I., Hani,et al. (2022). Mainstreaming Smart Agroforestry for Social Forestry Implementation to Support Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia: A Review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159313
Omer E, Hussein EA, Hendawy S, Azza E, Gendy A (2014). Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on growth, yield, essential oil and artemisinin of Artemisia annua L. plant. International Research Journal of Horticulture 2(2): 11–20. DOI: 10.12966/irjh.04.01.2014
Pant, P., Pandey, S., & Dall’Acqua, S. (2021). The Influence of Environmental Conditions on Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants: A Literature Review. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202100345
Peng, L. C., & Ng, L. T. (2022). Impacts of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Biomass, Polyphenol Contents, and Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Vitex negundo Linn. Agriculture (Switzerland), 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060859
Phuong, R. M. and N. M. (2021). Diversity of agroforestry practices in Viet Nam. https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/region/sea/publications/detail?pubID=4709
Purnama, T. J., Wijayanto, N., & Wasis, B. (2022). Assessing soil properties in various agroforestry lands in Kuningan District, West Java, Indonesia using Visual Evaluation of Soil Structure (VESS). Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(6). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230628
Ramezani S, Rezaei MR, S. (2019). Improved growth, yield and essential oil content of basil grown under different levels of phosphorus sprays in the field. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 3(2), 105–110. https://www.jabsonline.org/index.php/jabs/article/view/158
Rioba, N. B., Itulya, F. M., Saidi, M., Dudai, N., & Bernstein, N. (2015). Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and irrigation frequency on essential oil content and composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.01.003
Rosso, L., Cantamessa, S., Chiarabaglio, P., & Coaloa, D. (2021). Competition effects and economic scenarios in an agroforestry system with cereal crops and wood plantations: a case study in the Po Valley (Italy). IForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 14(5), 421–425. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3842-014
Saleh, A. M., Selim, S., Jaouni, S. Al, & AbdElgawad, H. (2018). CO2 enrichment can enhance the nutritional and health benefits of parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) and dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Food Chemistry, 269, 519–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.046
Suharjito, D., Rahayu NH., Kartika N., Arsyad AA., & M. M. (2023). Perhutanan Sosial: Sinergi Lintas Sektor dan Multi Pihak. IPB Press. pp.106. https://ipbpress.com/product/994-perhutanan-sosial:-sinergi-lintas-sektor-dan-multi-pihak
Tibasiima, T. K., Ekyaligonza, D. M., Kagorora, J. P. K., Friedel, J. K., Melcher, A., Bwambale, B., Akugizibwe, E., & Freyer, B. (2023). Impact of Integrating Annual and Perennial Legumes under Coffea arabica on Sloping Land. Sustainability, 15(3), 2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032453
Tomar, M. J. S., Ahmed, A., A. Bhat, J., Kaushal, R., Shukla, G., & Kumar, R. (2021). Potential and Opportunities of Agroforestry Practices in Combating Land Degradation. In Agroforestry - Small Landholder’s Tool for Climate Change Resiliency and Mitigation. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97843
Tshibangu, D. S. T., Matondo, A., Lengbiye, E. M., Inkoto, C. L., Ngoyi, E. M., Kabengele, C. N., Bongo, G. N., Gbolo, B. Z., Kilembe, J. T., Mwanangombo, D. T., Mbadiko, C. M., Mihigo, S. O., Tshilanda, D. D., Ngbolua, K.-T.-N., & Mpiana, P. T. (2020). Possible Effect of Aromatic Plants and Essential Oils against COVID-19: Review of Their Antiviral Activity. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 10–22. https://doi.org/10.9734/jocamr/2020/v11i130175
Verma, A., Kumar, P., & Saresh, N. V. (2021). Secondary metabolites: harvesting short term benefits from arid zone agroforestry systems in India. Agroforestry Systems, 95(3), 515–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00599-6
Verma, N., & Shukla, S. (2015). Impact of various factors responsible for fluctuation in plant secondary metabolites. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2(4), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.09.002
Widyati, E., Nuroniah, H. S., Tata, H. L., Mindawati, N., Lisnawati, Y., Darwo, Abdulah, L., Lelana, N. E., Mawazin, Octavia, D., Prameswari, D., Rachmat, H. H., Sutiyono, Darwiati, W., Wardani, M., Kalima, T., Yulianti, & van Noordwijk, M. (2022). Soil Degradation Due to Conversion from Natural to Plantation Forests in Indonesia. Forests, 13(11), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13111913
Xu, P., Su, H., Jin, R., Mao, Y., Xu, A., Cheng, H., Wang, Y., & Meng, Q. (2020). Shading Effects on Leaf Color Conversion and Biosynthesis of the Major Secondary Metabolites in the Albino Tea Cultivar “Yujinxiang.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(8), 2528–2538. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08212
Yoganingrum, A. (2020). How to make biodiversity articles highly cited? Webology, 17(1), 109–129. https://doi.org/10.14704/WEB/V17I1/A211
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
